Oldalcsoportok

2021. március 30., kedd

Egy gyulai réz gyertyatartó jelei

Tisztelt Varga Géza!

M. Gy-né vagyok, nyugdíjas pedagógus. Gyulán élek. Nagy tisztelője vagyok. Érdeklődve hallgattam az előadásait és olvasom az írásait. Segítségét kérném abban, hogy a képen látható réz gyertyatartón lévő mintázat csak díszítőelem, vagy olvasható jelentése is van-e? Régebben vettem a bolhapiacon itt Gyulán. Egy idős bácsi árulta.

Várom válaszát! Köszönettel M. Gy-né Sz. R.




A gyulai gyertyatartó




A gyulai gyertyatartó közepe a gyertya alatti kétpólusú világmodellel



A gyertyatartó farka egy égboltot ábrázoló Óg jellel, amelynek közepén az égig érő fa (Isten ligatúra?) jelenik meg


Kedves R!

Köszönöm, hogy megmutatta ezt a szép gyertyatartót!  Jól sejtette, hogy elolvasható jelek is lehetnek rajta. Középen (a gyertya alatti lyuk körül) egy sugaras Nap ábrázolása látszik. Mellette két oldalon is egy-egy Isten ligatúra. Ezek együtt egy kétpólusú világmodellet és egyúttal szimmetrikus szöveget is alkotnak. Az olvasata Nap isten. Az. hogy ezt a gyertya alá és köré tették, értő alkalmazásra, vagy legalább egy jó minta másolására utal. Arról tanúskodik, hogy az ősvallási minta- és jelkincs búvópatakként fennmaradhatott a barokk korig, vagy a XIX. századig is. Ha a népművészet alkotásain máig használatban vannak a hieroglifáink, előfordulhat ez az iparművészet tárgyain is. 

Üdvözlettel: Varga Géza

The origins of Hunnish Runic Writing (8) The types and number of characters

 


The types and number of characters

 

To decipher an unknown script the first step is to count the number of characters. Word-scripts have approximately 700-2000 characters, syllabic scripts 60-70, and alphabets 20-30. A writing system cannot be classified unequivocally into one type or another (e.g. Latin contains Q, syllabic sign). The number and composition of characters in a system of writing help identify its origin. Thomsen, who deciphered Turkish script, knew from the number of characters (38) that he was dealing with a writing system about half-way between pure alphabetic and syllabic script (Doblhofer/1962/305).

It is significant, that the character set described by Marsigli contains 38 runes, the "alphabet" of Nikolsburg 46, and the character set of Thelegdi 65 runes.

According to János Thelegdi Székelys have altogether 32 letters, among them nine vowel. Eighteen consonants are simple (some of them mark syllabic groups: "aK" and "eK"), and five consonants are "complex" (e.g. "ny"). In addition to these, Thelegdi lists twenty-one "regular" (BA) and nine "irregular" (BB) ligature syllable-signs. "Additionally, they have some syllable-signs similar to reptiles, which are not made up from existing letters. 


Fig. 12. Coronation Robe and parallels, made in 1031 for Prince Saint Imre, The picture on the Robeidentifies the wearer with the axis of teh world


Székelys call these the head of words/phrases (capita dictionum)", writes Thelegdi and adds the drawings of the hieroglyphs "amb", "tpru", and "ent". (However "ent" is an ancient ligature, see Fig. 14).

Székely script mostly contains characters of A, B, aB, Ba, AB, BA, BB, aBB, BaB, Bba, and BAB type, besides contracted one-letter characters standing for words of several syllables (aNTaL, ALBeRT) or short sentences (eGY USTeN = the only god; ÕS éG = ancient heaven), hieroglyphs ("us"), and sign montages (world models etc.) used for decoration and religious purposes. Such a complex symbolic system that had been interwoven with the Hungarians’ ideas of the world could hardly be deduced from a foreign and late (Semitic or Greek) writing system.


Contents

Preface to the English edition

7.

Preface

9.

History of the scientific views on the origins of Székely runic script

10.

Principles of deriving the origins of Székely script

26.

The development of writing

28.

The shapes of runes and the objects they represent

29.

The mythology, names, and sound values of runes

32.

Rituals and runic script

35.

Types and number of characters

37.

Order of characters

39.

Direction of reading and characters

48.

Syllabic signs

52.

The regular use of syllable and vowel signs

55.

The birth of letter scripts

58.

Comparing of writing systems

61.

The academic historical-geographical preconception

68.

The Turkish connection

70.

What the historical sources say

71.

Székely script of the Huns

73.

The age of the development of Székely character forms

79.

The age of unification of Székely character sets

82.

Hungarian vocabulary connected to writing

87.

Ligatures that survived millennia

92.

Migrations of peoples

97.

Summary

101.

Bibliography       

109.


2021. március 29., hétfő

The origins of Hunnish Runic Writing (7) Rituals and runic script

 

Rituals and runic script

 

All these symbols decorated the devices used for rituals and have survived for thousands of years because of regular usage. They still have a role in the present form of the rituals (in religious and dominance ceremonies besides prominent events in peasant life, such as funerals, proposals of marriage, the custom of sprinkling at Easter, etc.; Figs. 4, 10).

For example traces of the belief that the cross in a circle has a god- and spirit-evoking effect survived until the recent past. When a Palots goes out to dig up treasure, he draws two crossed lines intersecting each other in the middle at the point of intersection of the crossroads. Then he draws a circle around the whole picture, and waits for mysterious beings to help him. The Palots medicine-woman cures the patient's malignant pustule by making two crossing stitches through the wound with red silk thread. The point of intersection is in the middle of the painful wound. Then, by drawing a circle around the wound with her thumb, she draws out its root, shrivels it up, soothes the pain, and cures it (Malonyai/1922/294).

 The meaning of Hungarian national symbols are also connected to ancient rituals and beliefs. The Hungarian coat of arms contains the symbols of triple hill, double cross and water ("m", "gy", and "ü"). The Holy Crown viewed from above (cross in circle) resembles the four holy rivers and is equivalent with rune "f" (Föld = the Earth). The Crown from the front is like the tree holding up the sky, rune "g"; the rune "j" appears in the winding filigrees of the cross-strap; the "jm" ligature is an element of the enameled pictures.[1]

The connections clearly show both the ancient origin and Hungarian features of Hungarian script, symbols and ideas of the state.

 Rune "f" occurs in the Hungarian Scepter viewed from above, "g" and "USTeN" in the filigrees of its handle, and rune "j", in the scroll in the body of the lion. The equivalents of the runes "gy", "us", "t", "f", "g", "s", "ly", "f", "j" are recognizable in the structure of pictures of the Coronation Mantle, and that of rune "j" in the filigrees of the Holy Crown. These symbols identify the Hungarian reign with God, the Creator, and Hungary with the center of the world, where creation took place, and from where order spread afterwards (Figs. 11, 12).[2]

Hungarian popular pictograms, just as the Cretan linear A hieroglyphs described by Evans (Fig. 13), form a transition between decoration, pictorial and linear characters (Fig. 14), and this confuses those who can evaluate them only by artificially separating them.

However, the double meaning of the Hungarian word írás (writing, drawing), and the Hungarian word betû (character, letter), equivalent of the Chuvash word petü meaning "talisman" show that our pictorial signs had once been used as hieroglyphs. Words like tojásírás (writing on eggs), képírás (drawing/ writing of pictures), íróka (a tool used by potters to draw) serve as further evidence. The prototypes of Székely runes occur on painted eggs (Fig. 4), on church-ceilings Hungarian picture-drawers painted flowers that consist of runic characters (Fig. 14), and Hungarian potters use symbols in their work that can be interpreted with the help of Székely writing (Fig. 15).

Tulips in Hungarian folk art often contain the rune "us", and even the ligature "usten" (Fig. 16), because the Hungarian word tulipán (tulip) is related to the name of the Hittite god Telepinu, who regained the possession of the Sun. The runic character "us" is similar to the Sun God rising, emerging from the gorge of the Milky Way at Christmas.

 

Fig. 11 Hieroglyphs written with gold lace: the symbol "j" (jó, folyó = good, river) in the scrolls of the cross strap on the Holy Crown and the symbol "g" (USTeN = God holding the sky) in the filigrees of the Scepter-handle

 

Water giving birth to heroes, and god-like progenitors who could change their looks often appear as mythical stags or turuls (Hungarian mythical bird) occur in the Hungarian legends of origin. That is why the equivalents of the runes "ly" (lyuk = hole, source), "j" (jó, folyó = good river), and  "us" (õs = progenitor) (Fig. 17) can be found in the representations of the mythical stag or bird. All these form a consistent system, as Székely runic script is not the result of an academic creation, but primarily a natural development. It is part of an ancient idea of the world, which motivated both the rulers and common people and turned the Hungarians into a nation.



[1] The Magyar Holy Crown is the symbol of the middle of the world identified as God and reign. In all probability it was made by Huns in the oasis of Merv around 450 AD, and the possible meaning of its inner hieroglyphs, "good king - good land" formulated the essence of the Magyar idea of crown and state.

2021. március 28., vasárnap

The origins of Hunnish Runic Writing (6) The mythology, names, and sound-values of runes

 

The mythology, names, and sound-values of runes

 

If the Hungarian runic characters had names, these names are not known - declares Gyula Németh (1934/13).

Since then, most character names have been successfully identified by the identification of the objects they represent[1] (Fig. 6). The phonetic forms of Székely runes developed from these names at one time. The names form a linguistic and semantic system, which is similar and closely connected to the image system, and they belong to the most ancient Hungarian words. Unlike Greek or Semitic letter names, these Hungarian names are easy to understand; though they are sometimes archaic. They possess such coherent mythological connections as make it possible to reconstruct the system of the ancient Hungarian religion. This circumstance not only verifies the reconstruction of names, but also gives information about the origin of Székely script, since the different types of religious systems are restricted in space and time.

During the process of acrophony[2], character names developed into the letters; 's’ from the character name 'sarok' (corner), 'h' from the character name 'hal' (fish), etc.

There is the divine triad[3] in the background of the runes 'a' (anya = mother, Anahita, Anat, Enéh), 'b' (Bél[4], belsõ = internal), and 'd' (Du[5]).

The Hungarian 'gy' rune, which forms a double cross[6], is identical with the attribute egy (one) in the name of God, and its character represents the Milky Way, the personified pillar of the world.

The phonetic form of the wave-shaped 'ü' originates in the Hungarian word ügy (folyó = river). Rivers meant god-symbols for our forefathers. About this, Maximus Tyrius wrote the following: "Rivers are respected either for the advantages they offer, as the Egyptians respect the Nile, or for their beauty, as the Thessalonians respect the Peneus, or for the river god, as in the case of Scythians." That is why the Hungarian word ügy (meaning river) is similar to the egy (one) attribute of God. It follows from the mass of such examples that the Hungarian language is the oral illustration of that marvelous mythology. At the birth of the Hungarian language, the most ancient myths, rites and signs had already been placed beside the cradle. Their survival proves that our forefathers had always kept the remains of their ancient religion, their ability to form a state, and their popular character.

The form of the 't' rune represents the single fork-shaped supporting pillar of the simplest Hungarian buildings[7]. Its phonetic form is rooted in the shortened form of the Hungarian word tengely (axis, axle), and it is not accidental that the root ten appears also in the Hungarian words isten (god), tenger (sea), tündér (fairy), and tanító (teacher). According to ancient myths, the first god-like teachers appeared from the sea like fairies, and were identified with the world's axis of rotation, the personified pillar of the world: the Milky Way.

The name and the phonetic form of the Sumerian fish-formed ha (fish) and the Székely 'h' (hal = fish) characters suggests related linguistic and writing traditions. The Turks borrowed their similar, fish-shaped hieroglyph from Hunnish script (Fig. 7). Due to linguistic differences the Hunnish-Székely character name became hal, while the Turkish one became balik, and they shortened to the Székely 'h' and the Turkish 'b' letters respectively.[8] Their connection is understandable only if steppe runes are regarded as the descendants of hieroglyphs.

The 'f' rune, a cross in a circle, represents the four holy rivers (Eden), and had developed from the name of the Föld (Earth) created by God (Figs. 4, 8).


 Fig. 9 Pictorial and linear varieties of the tree holding Heaven

(Hittite metal plaque with a tree formed as a double cross, holding Heaven and with the sun at the top; a hieroglyph from Urartu; Chinese lolo [sky, heaven]; Székely 'g' [ég = sky])

 

There are many more examples. These runes are the connected relics of a mythically beautiful Paleolithic view of the world. In that ancient world the pillar of the world holds Heaven, double cross represents the only God, and heroes, who founded empires later, are born from the rivers.

 

Fig. 10 The precedents of ligature are the pictogram-montages: The representation of the Milky Way by combining the symbols of water and stairs in a potter motif from Lehecsény; in the Hunnish strap-end from Csorna; in an Indian cup from Central America; on the edge of the stairs "leading to the sky " of a Totonac Indian pyramid; and in a New-Mexican Indian pot (with the name of the Father)[9]

(potter motif from Lehecsény; a part of the strap-end from Csorna; embroidery from Kalotaszeg with "big script"; Central American Indian cup; a part of a Totonac Indian pyramid; Indian pot from New-Mexico)

 



[1] The systematic character of the symbols made it possible to reconstruct the names, as the symbol for 'b' (Bél, belsõ = internal) occurs inside (in the center) of world models, character ‘s’ (sarok = corner) at their corners, etc. (Varga/1997).

[2] Acrophony is a process in the history of writing, during which a word character develops into a letter denoting the first sound or the first consonant of the word.

[3] The memory of the divine triad has survived in the name of Anonymus Enedubelianus (Enéh+Du+Bél).

[4] The Magyar word fiú developed from the name Bél through the sound changes Bél-Pel-Pil-Pi-fiú. It is also connected to the names Béla, Balaton (Baál ten/Baál tó = Lake Baál), Pelso (Pel isten = Pel God) and Pilis (Pil isten = Pil God).

[5] God the Father of Magyar conquerors is identical with Ta/Da, the Hittite god of storm. Cf. Duna, Don, Thana, Õsten.

[6] The stalk of the double cross is the Milky Way, and the two crosswise strokes represent the ecliptic at the time of the two solstices.

[7] Herder’s shacks partly dug into the ground, with their roof leaning against the hillside, tents with a center-pole, or horse-driven dry mills. These buildings are world models at the same time.

[8] The symbology of the character is shown by the mythological, ethnographic and linguistic connections between hal (fish), háló (net), halál (death), hulla (corpse), and Khul Ater (father Fish, the Obi-Ugrian god of hell).

[9] The symbol of water and stairs are related to the runes 'j' (jó = good, folyó = river) and 'm' (magas = high, magasba vezetõ út = way leading upwards) respectively. A possible interpretation of these signs gives the name of Jima (Jóme(gye), Jóma(gas) of Avesta, the forefather of Mankind in the Irani mythology (cf. Mitológiai/II/127). He had the Vara erected in Khwarism (Tolstov/1986/96), which means vár (castle), város (city) in Hungarian. The source of the pictures: potter motif from Lehevsény in Florescu/1967/111; Hunnish strap-end in Huszka/1996/150; the part of the Totonac pyramid is the author's drawing, the Central-American cup in Dúcz/1993;the pot from Anasaz (Zuni, New-Mexico) Clark/1997/22.


Contents

Preface to the English edition

7.

Preface

9.

History of the scientific views on the origins of Székely runic script

10.

Principles of deriving the origins of Székely script

26.

The development of writing

28.

The shapes of runes and the objects they represent

29.

The mythology, names, and sound values of runes

32.

Rituals and runic script

35.

Types and number of characters

37.

Order of characters

39.

Direction of reading and characters

48.

Syllabic signs

52.

The regular use of syllable and vowel signs

55.

The birth of letter scripts

58.

Comparing of writing systems

61.

The academic historical-geographical preconception

68.

The Turkish connection

70.

What the historical sources say

71.

Székely script of the Huns

73.

The age of the development of Székely character forms

79.

The age of unification of Székely character sets

82.

Hungarian vocabulary connected to writing

87.

Ligatures that survived millennia

92.

Migrations of peoples

97.

Summary

101.

Bibliography       

109.